Ngā hiri mīhinihe mahi tino nui tā rātou ki te karo i te turuturu mō ngā momo ahumahi rerekē. I roto i te umanga moana, kei reira ngāhiri miihini papu, ngā hiri miihini hurihuri o te kakau. Ā, i roto i te umanga hinu me te hau kei reirahiri miihini kātereti,ngā hiri mīhini pakaru, ngā hiri mīhini hau maroke rānei. I roto i ngā ahumahi motuka he hiri mīhini wai. Ā, i roto i te ahumahi matū he hiri mīhini whakaranu (hiri mīhini whakaoho) me ngā hiri mīhini pēhi.
I runga i ngā āhuatanga whakamahinga rerekē, me whakamahi i ngā rauemi rerekē hei otinga hiri ā-mīhini. He maha ngā momo rauemi e whakamahia ana i roto i tengā hiri porotaka miihini pērā i ngā hiri mīhini uku, ngā hiri mīhini waro, ngā hiri mīhini silicone carbide,Ngā hiri miihini SSIC me ngāNgā hiri miihini TC.
Ngā hiri miihini uku
He mea nui ngā hiri miihini uku i roto i ngā mahi ahumahi maha, i hangaia hei ārai i te turuturu o ngā wai i waenga i ngā mata e rua, pērā i te pou hurihuri me te whare tūmau. He mea nui ēnei hiri mō tō rātou ātete ki te kakahu, te ātete ki te waikura, me te kaha ki te tu atu i ngā pāmahana tino kino.
Ko te mahi matua a ngā hiri miihini uku he pupuri i te kounga o ngā taputapu mā te ārai i te ngaronga wai, te poke rānei. E whakamahia ana ēnei hiri i roto i ngā ahumahi maha, tae atu ki te hinu me te hau, te tukatuka matū, te maimoatanga wai, te rongoā, me te tukatuka kai. Ko te whakamahinga whānui o ēnei hiri ka taea te kī ko tōna hanganga pakari; he mea hanga mai i ngā rauemi uku matatau e tuku ana i ngā āhuatanga mahi pai ake i ērā atu rauemi hiri.
E rua ngā wāhanga matua o ngā hiri miihini uku: ko tētahi he mata tūmau miihini (he mea hanga ki te rauemi uku), ā, ko tētahi he mata hurihuri miihini (he mea hanga ki te karāhe waro). Ka puta te mahi hiri ina pēhia ngā mata e rua mā te whakamahi i te kaha puna, ka hanga he ārai whai hua ki te turuturu wai. I te wā e mahi ana te taputapu, ka whakaitihia e te kiriata whakahinuhinu i waenganui i ngā mata hiri te waku me te pakaru me te pupuri tonu i te hiri kia piri.
Ko tētahi āhuatanga nui e wehewehe ana i ngā hiri miihini uku i ētahi atu momo ko tō rātou ātete tino pai ki te kakahu. He tino pakari ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi uku, ā, ka taea e rātou te tu atu ki ngā āhuatanga pakarukaru me te kore e nui te kino. Ko te hua o tēnei, he roa ake te mau o ngā hiri, ā, he iti ake te hiahia ki te whakakapi, ki te tiaki rānei i ērā i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi ngohengohe.
Haunga te ātete ki te kakahu, he tino pai te pumau o ngā uku i te pāmahana. Ka taea e rātou te tu atu ki ngā pāmahana teitei me te kore e pakaru, e ngaro rānei te pai o te hiri. Nā tēnei ka pai mō te whakamahi i roto i ngā tono pāmahana teitei i te wā e pakaru wawe ai ētahi atu rauemi hiri.
Hei whakamutunga, he tino pai te hototahitanga o ngā hiri miihini uku ki ngā matū, me te ātete ki ngā momo matū waikura. Nā tēnei ka waiho hei whiringa pai mō ngā ahumahi e mahi tonu ana ki ngā matū kino me ngā wai kaha.
He mea nui ngā hiri miihini ukungā hiri wāhangai hangaia hei ārai i te turuturu wai i roto i ngā taputapu ahumahi. Nā ō rātou āhuatanga ahurei, pērā i te ātete ki te kakahu, te pumau o te wera, me te hototahitanga matū, he mea pai mō ngā tono maha puta noa i ngā ahumahi maha.
| āhuatanga ā-tinana uku | ||||
| Tawhā hangarau | waeine | 95% | 99% | 99.50% |
| Kiato | karamu/cm3 | 3.7 | 3.88 | 3.9 |
| Te pakeketanga | HRA | 85 | 88 | 90 |
| Te tere o te pūngao | % | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.15 |
| Te kaha pakaru | MPa | 250 | 310 | 350 |
| Te tauwehenga o te horapa wera | 10(-6)/K | 5.5 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
| Te kawe wera | W/MK | 27.8 | 26.7 | 26 |
Ngā hiri miihini waro
He roa te hītori o te hiri waro miihini. He momo rite te karāpiti ki te huānga waro. I te tau 1971, i rangahauhia e te Hononga o Amerika te rauemi hiri miihini karāpiti ngāwari angitu, i whakaoti rapanga i te turuturu o te takirere pūngao ngota. I muri i te tukatuka hohonu, ka huri te karāpiti ngāwari hei rauemi hiri pai rawa atu, ka hangaia hei momo hiri miihini waro me te pānga o ngā wāhanga hiri. Ka whakamahia ēnei hiri miihini waro i roto i ngā ahumahi matū, hinu, hiko pēnei i te hiri wai pāmahana teitei.
Nā te mea ka hangaia te karāpeti ngāwari mā te whakawhanuitanga o te karāpeti whānui i muri i te pāmahana tiketike, he iti noa te nui o te kaiāwhina whakauru e toe ana i roto i te karāpeti ngāwari, engari kāore i te tino katoa, nō reira he nui te awe o te noho me te hanganga o te kaiāwhina whakauru ki te kounga me te mahi a te hua.
Te Kōwhiringa o te Rauemi Mata o te Hiri Waro
I whakamahia e te kaihanga tuatahi te waikawa whanariki kukū hei waikura me te kaihopu whakauru. Heoi, i muri i te paninga ki te hiri o tētahi wāhanga whakarewa, i kitea he iti noa te whanariki e toe ana i roto i te karāpeti ngāwari e waikura ana i te konganuku pa i muri i te whakamahinga roa. I runga i tēnei whakaaro, kua ngana ētahi tohunga o te motu ki te whakapai ake, pērā i a Song Kemin i whiriwhiri i te waikawa acetic me te waikawa waro hei utu mō te waikawa whanariki. Ko te waikawa, he puhoi te waikawa hauota, me te whakaheke i te pāmahana ki te pāmahana rūma, i hangaia mai i te ranunga o te waikawa hauota me te waikawa acetic. Mā te whakamahi i te ranunga o te waikawa hauota me te waikawa acetic hei kaihopu whakauru, i whakaritea te karāpeti whānui kore whanariki me te pāhare pākawa hei waikura, ā, i tāpirihia mārire te waikawa acetic ki te waikawa hauota. Ka whakaitihia te pāmahana ki te pāmahana rūma, ā, ka hangaia te ranunga o te waikawa hauota me te waikawa acetic. Kātahi ka tāpirihia te karāpeti maramara tūturu me te pāhare pākawa pākawa ki tēnei ranunga. I raro i te whakaoho tonu, ko te pāmahana he 30 C. I muri i te tauhohenga 40 meneti, ka horoia te wai ki te koretake ka whakamaroke ki te 50~60 C, ā, ka hangaia te karāpeti whānui i muri i te whakawhānui i te pāmahana teitei. Kāore e taea e tēnei tikanga te whakamomona i raro i te tikanga ka taea e te hua te eke ki tētahi rahinga whakawhanui, kia tutuki ai he āhua pumau o te rauemi hiri.
| Momo | M106H | M120H | M106K | M120K | M106F | M120F | M106D | M120D | M254D |
| Waitohu | Kua whakakīia | Kua whakakīia | Phenol kua whakakīia | Waro Antimone(A) | |||||
| Kiato | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Kaha Whati | 65 | 60 | 67 | 62 | 60 | 55 | 65 | 60 | 55 |
| Kaha Pehi | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 200 | 180 | 220 | 220 | 210 |
| Te pakeketanga | 85 | 80 | 90 | 85 | 85 | 80 | 90 | 90 | 65 |
| Pūngao | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1 | <1.5 | <1.5 | <1.5 |
| Ngā pāmahana | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 250 | 400 | 400 | 450 |
Ngā hiri miihini Silicon Carbide
Ko te karawiti hiko (SiC) e mōhiotia ana ko te karawiti hiko, he mea hanga mai i te onepu quartz, te coke hinu (te coke waro rānei), ngā maramara rakau (me tāpiri atu i te wā e hanga ana i te karawiti hiko matomato) me ērā atu mea. He kohuke onge anō hoki kei roto i te taiao te karawiti hiko, arā, te māpere. I roto i ngā rauemi mata kore-waikura hangarau teitei o nāianei, ko te karawiti hiko tētahi o ngā rauemi e whakamahia whānuitia ana, e ohanga ana hoki, ka taea te kī ko te onepu maitai koura, ko te onepu kore-waikura rānei. I nāianei, kua wehea te hanga ahumahi o te karawiti hiko a Haina ki te karawiti hiko pango me te karawiti hiko matomato, he tioata hexagonal ēnei e rua, ko te ōwehenga o te 3.20 ~ 3.25 me te pakeke iti o te 2840 ~ 3320kg/m².
He maha ngā momo o ngā hua waro hiko e ai ki ngā momo taiao whakamahinga rerekē. Ko te tikanga he whakamahinga ā-mīhini ake. Hei tauira, he rauemi pai te waro hiko mō te hiri ā-mīhini waro hiko nā te mea he pai te ātete ki te waikura matū, he kaha teitei, he pakeke teitei, he pai te ātete ki te kakahu, he iti te tauwehenga waku me te ātete ki te pāmahana teitei.
Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā mowhiti hiri SIC ki te mowhiti pūmau, te mowhiti neke, te mowhiti papatahi me ētahi atu. Ka taea te hanga i te silicon SiC hei momo hua carbide, pērā i te mowhiti hurihuri silicon carbide, te nohoanga tūmau silicon carbide, te rakau silicon carbide, me ētahi atu, e ai ki ngā hiahia motuhake o ngā kiritaki. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi tahi me te rauemi graphite, ā, he iti ake tōna tauwehenga waku i te uku alumina me te koranu mārō, nō reira ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te uara PV teitei, inā koa i roto i te āhua o te waikawa kaha me te kawakore kaha.
Ko te whakaiti i te waku o te SIC tētahi o ngā painga matua o te whakamahinga i roto i ngā hiri miihini. Nō reira, ka taea e te SIC te tu atu ki te pakaru me te haehae pai ake i ētahi atu rauemi, ka roa ake te ora o te hiri. Hei tāpiri, ko te whakaiti i te waku o te SIC ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō te hinu whakahinuhinu. Ko te kore o te hinu whakahinuhinu ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te poke me te waikura, ka whakapai ake i te pai me te pono.
He tino ātete hoki te SIC ki te kakahu. He tohu tēnei ka taea e ia te tu atu ki te whakamahinga tonu me te kore e pirau, e whati rānei. Nā tēnei he rauemi tino pai mō ngā whakamahinga e hiahia ana kia tino pono, kia roa hoki te mau.
Ka taea hoki te tāpiri anō me te whakakanapa kia taea ai te whakahou i te hiri i ngā wā maha i roto i tōna oranga. He mea whakamahi ā-ringa te nuinga, pērā i ngā hiri ā-ringa nā tōna ātete pai ki te waikura matū, tōna kaha teitei, tōna pakeke teitei, tōna ātete pai ki te kakahu, tōna tauwehenga waku iti me tōna ātete pāmahana teitei.
Ina whakamahia mō ngā mata hiri ā-mīhini, ka hua ake te mahi pai ake o te silicon carbide, ka roa ake te ora o te hiri, ka iti ake ngā utu tiaki, ka iti ake hoki ngā utu whakahaere mō ngā taputapu hurihuri pēnei i ngā tāpine, ngā compressor, me ngā papu centrifugal. He rerekē ngā āhuatanga o te silicon carbide i runga i te āhua o tōna hanganga. Ka hangaia te silicon carbide honohono tauhohenga mā te hono i ngā matūriki silicon carbide ki a rātou anō i roto i te tukanga tauhohenga.
Kāore tēnei tukanga e tino pā ki te nuinga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te āhua wera o te rauemi, heoi, ka whakawhāitihia te ātete matū o te rauemi. Ko ngā matū tino noa e raru ana ko ngā matū whakakā (me ētahi atu matū pH teitei) me ngā waikawa kaha, nō reira kaua e whakamahia te karawiti silicon e honoa ana ki te tauhohenga me ēnei tono.
I whakatōkia ki roto i te tauhohengate karāhe silicon. I roto i taua rauemi, ka whakakīia ngā pūwero o te rauemi SIC taketake i te tukanga whakaurunga mā te tahu i te silicon whakarewa, nō reira ka puta te SiC tuarua, ā, ka whiwhi te rauemi i ngā āhuatanga miihini tino pai, ka ātete ki te kakahu. Nā te iti o te whakahekenga, ka taea te whakamahi i roto i te hanga i ngā wāhanga nui me te uaua me ngā manawanui tata. Heoi, ko te ihirangi silicon ka whakawhāiti i te pāmahana whakahaere mōrahi ki te 1,350 °C, ko te ātete matū ka whakawhāitihia ki te pH 10. Kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakamahia te rauemi i roto i ngā taiao kawakore kaha.
Kua whakatōngiaKa whiwhihia te karāhe silicon mā te whakahinuhinu i tētahi kirikiri SIC tino angiangi kua pēhia i mua i te pāmahana o te 2000 °C hei hanga hononga kaha i waenga i ngā kirikiri o te rauemi.
Tuatahi, ka matotoru te whatunga, kātahi ka heke te porosity, ā, i te mutunga ka pakaru ngā hononga i waenga i ngā kakano. I roto i te tukanga o taua tukatuka, ka puta he whakahekenga nui o te hua – tata ki te 20%.
Mowhiti hiri SSIC he ātete ki ngā matū katoa. Nā te mea kāore he silicon whakarewa i roto i tōna hanganga, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 1600C me te kore e pā ki tōna kaha.
| ngā āhuatanga | R-SiC | S-SiC |
| Te Pūngao (%) | ≤0.3 | ≤0.2 |
| Kiato (g/cm3) | 3.05 | 3.1~3.15 |
| Te pakeketanga | 110~125 (HS) | 2800 (kg/mm2) |
| Tauwehenga Ātete (Gpa) | ≥400 | ≥410 |
| Ihirangi SiC (%) | ≥85% | ≥99% |
| Ihirangi Si (%) | ≤15% | 0.10% |
| Kaha Piko (Mpa) | ≥350 | 450 |
| Kaha Pehi (kg/mm2) | ≥2200 | 3900 |
| Tauwehenga o te horapa wera (1/℃) | 4.5×10-6 | 4.3×10-6 |
| Ātete wera (i roto i te āhuarangi) (℃) | 1300 | 1600 |
Hiri miihini TC
He āhuatanga pakari, kaha, ātete ki te pakū me te ātete ki te waikura ngā rauemi TC. E mōhiotia ana ko te "Niho Ahumahi". Nā tōna mahi pai rawa atu, kua whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te umanga hōia, te rererangi, te tukatuka miihini, te whakarewa, te keri hinu, te whakawhitiwhiti hiko, te hoahoanga me ētahi atu mara. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā papu, ngā compressors me ngā agitators, ka whakamahia te mowhiti tungsten carbide hei hiri miihini. Nā te ātete pai ki te pakū me te pakeke teitei e pai ai mō te hanga i ngā wāhanga ātete-kakahu me te pāmahana teitei, te waku me te waikura.
E ai ki tōna hanganga matū me ōna āhuatanga whakamahinga, e whā ngā wāhanga o te TC: te tungsten cobalt (YG), te tungsten-titanium (YT), te tungsten titanium tantalum (YW), me te titanium carbide (YN).
He mea hanga te koranu mārō o te tungsten cobalt (YG) mai i te WC me te Co. He pai mō te tukatuka i ngā rauemi pakarukaru pērā i te rino maka, ngā konganuku kore-ferrous me ngā rauemi kore-konganuku.
Ko te Stellite (YT) he mea tito mai i te WC, te TiC me te Co. Nā te tāpiri o te TiC ki te koranu, kua pai ake tōna ātete ki te kakahu, engari kua heke te kaha piko, te mahi huri me te kawe wera. Nā tōna pakarukaru i raro i te pāmahana iti, he pai anake mō te tapahi tere-teitei i ngā rauemi whānui, kaua mō te tukatuka i ngā rauemi pakarukaru.
Ka tāpirihia te konutai (YW) o te tungsten titanium tantalum (niobium) ki te koranu hei whakanui ake i te pakeketanga o te pāmahana tiketike, te kaha me te ātete ki te pakū mā te nui o te tantalum carbide, te niobium carbide rānei e tika ana. I taua wā anō, ka whakapai ake te pakari me te pai ake o te mahi tapahi whānui. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia mō ngā rauemi tapahi mārō me te tapahi wā poto.
Ko te akomanga turanga titanium waro (YN) he koranu mārō kei roto te TiC, te nikara me te molibdenum i roto i te āhua mārō. Ko ōna painga he pakeke teitei, he kaha ki te ārai i te piri, he ārai i te mau i te marama, me te kaha ki te ārai i te waikura. I te pāmahana neke atu i te 1000 nekehanga, ka taea tonu te mīhini. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te whakaoti tonu i te maitai koranu me te maitai tinei.
| tauira | te nui o te nikara (wt%) | kiato (g/cm²) | pakeketanga (HRA) | kaha piko (≥N/mm²) |
| YN6 | 5.7-6.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YN8 | 7.7-8.2 | 14.4-14.8 | 87.5-90.0 | 2000 |
| tauira | te nui o te konupora (wt%) | kiato (g/cm²) | pakeketanga (HRA) | kaha piko (≥N/mm²) |
| YG6 | 5.8-6.2 | 14.6-15.0 | 89.5-91.0 | 1800 |
| YG8 | 7.8-8.2 | 14.5-14.9 | 88.0-90.5 | 1980 |
| YG12 | 11.7-12.2 | 13.9-14.5 | 87.5-89.5 | 2400 |
| YG15 | 14.6-15.2 | 13.9-14.2 | 87.5-89.0 | 2480 |
| YG20 | 19.6-20.2 | 13.4-13.7 | 85.5-88.0 | 2650 |
| YG25 | 24.5-25.2 | 12.9-13.2 | 84.5-87.5 | 2850 |