Ko ngā hiri hau papu whakakaha takirua, i ahu mai i te hangarau hiri hau pūwero, he mea noa ake i roto i te umanga hiri pou. Ka kore e tukuna te wai kua papua ki te āhuarangi e ēnei hiri, ka iti ake te ātete waku i runga i te pou papu, ā, ka mahi tahi me te pūnaha tautoko māmā ake. Mā ēnei painga ka iti ake te utu mō te huringa ora o te otinga.
Ka mahi ēnei hiri mā te whakauru i tētahi pūtake hau pēhanga ki waho i waenganui i ngā mata hiri o roto, o waho hoki. Nā te āhua motuhake o te mata hiri ka nui ake te pēhanga ki runga i te hau ārai, ka wehe te mata hiri, ka mānu te mata hiri i roto i te kiriata hau. He iti ngā ngaronga waku nā te mea kāore e pā ngā mata hiri. Ka haere te hau ārai mā roto i te kiriuhi i te tere rere iti, ka pau te hau ārai i te āhua o ngā turuturu, ko te nuinga ka turuturu ki te hau mā roto i ngā mata hiri o waho. Ka mimiti te toenga ki roto i te rūma hiri, ā, ka haria atu e te awa tukanga.
Ko ngā hiri takirua katoa e hiahia ana ki tētahi wai pēhanga (wai, hau rānei) i waenganui i ngā mata o roto, o waho hoki o te huihuinga hiri ā-ringa. Me whai pūnaha tautoko hei tuku i tēnei wai ki te hiri. He rerekē, i roto i tētahi hiri takirua pēhanga wai kua whakahinuhinuhia, ka rere te wai ārai mai i te puna wai mā roto i te hiri ā-ringa, ki reira ka whakahinuhinuhia ngā mata hiri, ka mimiti i te wera, ka hoki ki te puna wai ki reira me whakamarara te wera kua mimitihia. He uaua ēnei pūnaha tautoko hiri takirua pēhanga wai. Ka piki ake ngā kawenga wera me te pēhanga me te pāmahana o te tukanga, ā, ka raru pea te pono mena kāore i te tatauhia, i te whakatakotoria hoki.
He iti noa te wāhi e pau ana i te pūnaha tautoko hiri rua hau kōpeke, kāore e hiahiatia he wai whakamatao, ā, he iti noa te tiaki e hiahiatia ana. Hei tāpiri, ina wātea he puna pono o te hau tiaki, ka kore e whakawhirinaki ki te pēhanga me te pāmahana o te tukanga.
Nā te piki haere o te whakamahinga o ngā hiri hau papu pēhanga rua i te mākete, i tāpirihia e te American Petroleum Institute (API) te Kaupapa 74 hei wāhanga o te whakaputanga o te putanga tuarua o te API 682.
74 Ko te pūnaha tautoko kaupapa he huinga ine me ngā takirere e mau ana i te panera e whakakore ana i te hau ārai, e whakahaere ana i te pēhanga o raro, me te ine i te pēhanga me te rere o te hau ki ngā hiri miihini. I te whai i te ara o te hau ārai i roto i te panera Mahere 74, ko te huānga tuatahi ko te takirere tirotiro. Mā tēnei ka taea te wehe i te tuku hau ārai mai i te hiri hei whakakapi i te huānga tātari, hei tiaki rānei i te papu. Kātahi ka haere te hau ārai mā roto i te tātari whakakotahi 2 ki te 3 maikoromita (µm) e hopu ana i ngā wai me ngā matūriki ka taea te kino i ngā āhuatanga whenua o te mata hiri, ka hanga he kiriata hau ki runga i te mata o te mata hiri. Whai muri i tēnei ko te kaiwhakahaere pēhanga me te manometa hei whakatakoto i te pēhanga o te tuku hau ārai ki te hiri miihini.
Ko ngā hiri hau papu pēhanga takirua e hiahia ana kia tutuki, kia nui ake rānei te pēhanga rerekētanga iti rawa i runga ake i te pēhanga mōrahi i roto i te rūma hiri, kia tutuki rānei. Ka rerekē tēnei hekenga pēhanga iti rawa i runga i te kaihanga me te momo hiri, engari he tata ki te 30 pauna ia inihi tapawha (psi). Ka whakamahia te pana pēhanga hei kite i ngā raruraru me te pēhanga tuku hau ārai, ā, ka whakatangihia he whakaoho mēnā ka heke te pēhanga ki raro i te uara iti rawa.
Ko te rere o te hiri e whakahaerehia ana e te rere o te hau ārai mā te whakamahi i te mita rere. Ko ngā rerekētanga mai i ngā tere rere o te hau hiri i pūrongohia e ngā kaihanga hiri miihini e tohu ana i te hekenga o te mahi hiri. Ko te hekenga o te rere o te hau ārai pea nā te hurihanga o te papu, te hekenga rānei o te wai ki te mata hiri (mai i te hau ārai poke, i te wai tukanga rānei).
I muri i ēnei āhuatanga, ka pā te kino ki ngā mata hiri, kātahi ka piki ake te rere o te hau ārai. Ka taea hoki e te pikinga o te pēhanga i roto i te papu, te ngaronga wāhanga rānei o te pēhanga hau ārai te kino ki te mata hiri. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā whakaoho rere teitei hei whakatau i te wā e hiahiatia ana te wawaotanga hei whakatika i te rere nui o te hau. Ko te tohu tautuhinga mō te whakaoho rere teitei kei roto i te awhe o te 10 ki te 100 ngā wā o te rere hau ārai noa, kāore i te whakatauhia e te kaihanga hiri miihini, engari e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te turuturu hau ka taea e te papu te manawanui.
I ngā wā o mua, i whakamahia ngā mita rere ine taurangi, ā, ehara i te mea onge te hono raupapa i ngā mita rere awhe iti me te awhe teitei. Kātahi ka taea te tāuta i tētahi pana rere teitei ki runga i te mita rere awhe teitei hei whakaputa i tētahi whakaoho rere teitei. Ka taea anake te whakarite i ngā mita rere rohe taurangi mō ētahi hau i ētahi pāmahana me ngā pēhanga. Ina whakahaerehia i raro i ētahi atu āhuatanga, pērā i te piki me te heke o te pāmahana i waenga i te raumati me te takurua, kāore e taea te kī he uara tika te tere rere e whakaaturia ana, engari he tata ki te uara tuturu.
I te tukunga o te API 682 putanga tuawhā, kua nekehia ngā inenga rere me te pēhanga mai i te anaro ki te mamati me ngā pānui ā-rohe. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā mita rere mamati hei mita rere rohe rerekē, e huri ana i te tūranga pōturi ki ngā tohu mamati, hei mita rere papatipu rānei, e huri aunoa ana i te rere papatipu ki te rere rōrahi. Ko te āhuatanga motuhake o ngā tuku rere papatipu ko tā rātou whakarato putanga e utu ana i te pēhanga me te pāmahana hei whakarato i te rere pono i raro i ngā āhuatanga hau paerewa. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te utu nui ake o ēnei taputapu i ngā mita rere rohe rerekē.
Ko te raruraru o te whakamahi i tētahi tuku rere ko te kimi i tētahi tuku e kaha ana ki te ine i te rere hau ārai i te wā e mahi noa ana, me ngā wāhi whakaoho rere teitei. He uara mōrahi me te iti rawa ngā pūoko rere ka taea te pānui tika. I waenganui i te rere kore me te uara mōrahi, kāore pea te rere putanga e tika. Ko te raruraru, i te pikinga ake o te tere rere mōrahi mō tētahi tauira tuku rere, ka piki ake anō hoki te tere rere mōrahi.
Ko tētahi otinga ko te whakamahi i ngā tuku e rua (kotahi te auau iti, ko tētahi te auau teitei), engari he kōwhiringa utu nui tēnei. Ko te tikanga tuarua ko te whakamahi i tētahi pūoko rere mō te awhe rere mahi noa, me te whakamahi i tētahi pana rere teitei me tētahi mita rere ā-ira teitei. Ko te wāhanga whakamutunga ka haere te hau ārai ko te takirere tirotiro i mua i te wehenga atu o te hau ārai i te panera me te hono atu ki te hiri miihini. He mea tika tēnei hei ārai i te rere whakamuri o te wai kua papua ki roto i te panera me te kino ki te taputapu mēnā ka puta he raruraru tukanga rerekē.
Me iti te pēhanga whakatuwheratanga o te takirere tirotiro. Mena he hē te kōwhiringa, he iti rānei te rere o te hau ārai i te hiri hau o te papu pēhanga rua, ka kitea ko te pupuhi o te rere hau ārai i puta mai i te whakatuwheratanga me te whakanoho anō o te takirere tirotiro.
I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakamahia te hauota tipu hei hau ārai nā te mea he ngāwari te tiki, he kore e mahi, ā, kāore e puta he tauhohenga matū kino i roto i te wai e papuhia ana. Ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ngā hau kore e mahi kāore e wātea ana, pērā i te argon. Mēnā he nui ake te pēhanga hau ārai e hiahiatia ana i te pēhanga hauota tipu, ka taea e te whakanui pēhanga te whakanui ake i te pēhanga me te penapena i te hau pēhanga teitei ki roto i te kaiwhiwhi e hono ana ki te tomokanga o te papaaho Mahere 74. Kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakamahia ngā pounamu hauota pounamu nā te mea me whakakapi tonu ngā rango kau ki ngā rango kī. Mēnā ka heke te kounga o te hiri, ka taea te whakawātea wawe i te pounamu, ka mutu te papu hei ārai i te kino me te korenga o te hiri miihini.
Kāore i rite ki ngā pūnaha ārai wai, kāore ngā pūnaha tautoko Mahere 74 e hiahia kia tata ki ngā hiri mīhini. Ko te ārai anake i konei ko te wāhanga roa o te ngongo iti te whānui. Ka taea te heke te pēhanga i waenga i te panera Mahere 74 me te hiri i roto i te paipa i ngā wā rere nui (te whakahekenga o te hiri), ka whakaiti i te pēhanga ārai e wātea ana ki te hiri. Mā te whakanui ake i te rahi o te paipa ka taea te whakatau i tēnei raruraru. Hei tikanga, ka whakairihia ngā panera Mahere 74 ki runga i tētahi tūnga i te teitei e tika ana mō te whakahaere i ngā takirere me te pānui i ngā pānui taputapu. Ka taea te whakairi i te whāriki ki runga i te pereti turanga papu, i te taha rānei o te papu me te kore e whakararuraru i te tirotiro me te tiaki papu. Āraia ngā tūponotanga hinga i runga i ngā paipa/paipa e hono ana i ngā panera Mahere 74 ki ngā hiri mīhini.
Mō ngā papu whakawhiti-pūmau me ngā hiri ā-ringa e rua, kotahi i ia pito o te papu, kāore i te tūtohutia kia whakamahia tētahi panera me te putanga hau ārai motuhake ki ia hiri ā-ringa. Ko te otinga e tūtohutia ana ko te whakamahi i tētahi panera Mahere 74 motuhake mō ia hiri, i tētahi panera Mahere 74 rānei me ngā putanga e rua, ia panera me āna ake huinga mita rere me ngā pana rere. I ngā wāhi he makariri te hotoke, tera pea me waiho ngā panera Mahere 74 ki roto i te takurua. Ko te mahi matua o tēnei hei tiaki i ngā taputapu hiko o te panera, mā te takai i te panera ki roto i te kāpata me te tāpiri i ngā huānga whakamahana.
He āhuatanga whakamere ko te pikinga o te tere rere o te hau ārai i te hekenga o te pāmahana tuku hau ārai. Kāore tēnei e kitea i te nuinga o te wā, engari ka kitea pea i ngā wāhi he makariri te takurua, he nui rānei ngā rerekētanga pāmahana i waenga i te raumati me te takurua. I ētahi wā, me whakarerekē pea te pūwāhi whakatūpato rere teitei hei ārai i ngā whakatūpato teka. Me horoi ngā awa hau o te panera me ngā paipa/paipa hono i mua i te whakatakotoranga o ngā panera Mahere 74 ki te mahi. He tino ngāwari te whakatutuki i tēnei mā te tāpiri i tētahi takirere hau ki te hononga hiri ā-ringa, ki te taha rānei o te hononga. Mēnā kāore he takirere toto e wātea ana, ka taea te horoi i te pūnaha mā te momotu i te ngongo/ngā ngongo mai i te hiri ā-ringa, kātahi ka hono anō i muri i te horoinga.
I muri i te hononga o ngā panera Mahere 74 ki ngā hiri me te tirotiro i ngā hononga katoa mō ngā turuturu, ka taea te whakarite i te kaiwhakahaere pēhanga ki te pēhanga kua whakaritea i roto i te tono. Me tuku e te panera te hau ārai pēhanga ki te hiri miihini i mua i te whakakī i te papu ki te wai tukanga. Kua rite ngā hiri me ngā panera Mahere 74 ki te tīmata ina oti ngā tukanga whakatū me te whakapūhautanga o te papu.
Me tirotirohia te wae tātari i muri i te kotahi marama o te mahi, i ia ono marama rānei mēnā kāore he poke e kitea. Ko te wā whakakapinga tātari ka whakawhirinaki ki te parakore o te hau e tukuna ana, engari kaua e neke atu i te toru tau.
Me tirotiro, me tuhi hoki ngā tere o te hau ārai i ngā tirotiro o ia rā. Mena he nui te pupuhi o te rere o te hau ārai i puta mai i te whakatuwheratanga me te katinga o te takirere tirotiro hei whakaoho i te whakaoho rere nui, me whakanui ake pea ēnei uara whakaoho hei karo i ngā whakaoho teka.
Ko tētahi taahiraa nui i roto i te whakakorenga ko te wehe me te whakaiti i te pēhanga o te hau tiaki hei taahiraa whakamutunga. Tuatahi, wehea te anga papu me te whakaiti i te pēhanga. Kia noho haumaru te papu, ka taea te whakaweto i te pēhanga o te tuku hau tiaki, ā, ka taea te tango i te pēhanga hau mai i ngā paipa e hono ana i te panera Mahere 74 ki te hiri miihini. Ringihia te wai katoa mai i te pūnaha i mua i te tīmatanga o tētahi mahi tiaki.
Mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā hiri hau papu pēhanga takirua me ngā pūnaha tautoko Mahere 74, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whiwhi i tētahi otinga hiri pou kore-tukunga, he iti ake te haumitanga whakapaipai (ki te whakatauritea ki ngā hiri me ngā pūnaha ārai wai), he iti ake te utu huringa ora, he iti te tapuwae pūnaha tautoko me ngā whakaritenga ratonga iti rawa.
Ina tāutahia, ina whakahaerehia hoki i runga anō i ngā tikanga pai rawa atu, ka taea e tēnei otinga aukati te whakarato i te pono mō te wā roa, me te whakanui ake hoki i te wātea o ngā taputapu hurihuri.
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He kaiwhakahaere rōpū hua a Mark Savage i John Crane. He Tohu Paetahi Pūtaiao Hangarau tā Savage mai i Te Whare Wānanga o Poihākena, Ahitereiria. Mō ētahi atu kōrero, tirohia te johncrane.com.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-08-2022