Kua rerekē ngā wero e pā ana ki ngā ahumahi tukatuka ahakoa kei te pupuhi tonu rātou i ngā wai, ko ētahi he morearea, he paitini rānei. He mea nui tonu te haumaru me te pono. Heoi, ka whakapiki ake ngā kaiwhakahaere i te tere, te pēhanga, te tere rere, tae atu ki te kaha o ngā āhuatanga wai (te pāmahana, te kukū, te matotoru, me ētahi atu) i a rātou e tukatuka ana i ngā mahi puranga maha. Mō ngā kaiwhakahaere o ngā whare hanga hinu, ngā whare tukatuka hau me ngā tipu matū me te matū, ko te tikanga o te haumaru ko te whakahaere me te aukati i te ngaronga, te pānga rānei ki ngā wai kua pupuhihia. Ko te tikanga o te pono ko ngā papu e mahi pai ana, e mahi ōhanga ana, me te iti ake o te tiaki e hiahiatia ana.
Mā te hiri miihini i hoahoatia tika ka roa te mahi a te kaiwhakahaere papu, ka haumaru, ka pono hoki, me te hangarau kua whakamātauhia. I roto i ngā taputapu hurihuri maha me te tini o ngā wāhanga, kua whakamātauhia te pono o te mahi a ngā hiri miihini i raro i te nuinga o ngā momo āhuatanga whakahaere.
NGĀ PAPU ME NGĀ HĪNGI—HE TAU PAI
He uaua ki te whakapono kua tata ki te 30 tau te roa o te whakatairanga nui o te hangarau papu kore hiri ki roto i te umanga tukatuka. I whakatairangahia te hangarau hou hei otinga mō ngā take katoa me ngā herenga e kitea ana mō ngā hiri miihini. I kī ētahi mā tēnei huarahi kē atu ka whakakorea rawatia te whakamahinga o ngā hiri miihini.
Heoi, kāore i roa i muri i tēnei whakatairanga, i ako ngā kaiwhakamahi mutunga ka taea e ngā hiri miihini te whakatutuki, te hipa rānei i ngā whakaritenga ture mō te turuturu me te pupuri. I tua atu, i tautoko ngā kaihanga papu i te hangarau mā te whakarato i ngā rūma hiri hou hei whakakapi i ngā "pouaka whakakī" tawhito mō te tākai pēhi.
Ko ngā rūma hiri o ēnei rā kua hangaia mō ngā hiri ā-ringa, kia taea ai te whakamahi i ngā hangarau pakari ake i roto i te tūāpapa kātere, kia māmā ake ai te tāutanga, kia waihangahia ai hoki he taiao e taea ai e ngā hiri te mahi ki tōna kaha katoa.
NGĀ WHAKATAUNGA HOAHOA
I waenganui o te tekau tau atu i 1980, nā ngā ture taiao hou i akiaki te umanga kia kaua e titiro noa ki te aukati me ngā tukunga, engari ki te pono hoki o ngā taputapu. Ko te wā toharite i waenga i te whakatikatika (MTBR) mō ngā hiri miihini i roto i te tipu matū he tata ki te 12 marama. I ēnei rā, ko te MTBR toharite he 30 marama. I tēnei wā, ko te umanga hinu, kei raro i ētahi o ngā taumata tukunga tino kaha, he MTBR toharite neke atu i te 60 marama.
I mau tonu te rongonui o ngā hiri mīhini mā te whakaatu i te kaha ki te whakatutuki, tae atu ki te hipa atu i ngā whakaritenga o te hangarau whakahaere pai rawa atu (BACT). I tua atu, i pērā tonu rātou i te mea he hangarau ōhanga me te whai hua ki te pūngao e wātea ana hei whakatutuki i ngā ture tukunga me te taiao.
Mā ngā kaupapa rorohiko ka taea te whakatauira me te hanga tauira mō ngā hiri i mua i te hanga hei whakaū i te āhua o te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga mahi motuhake i mua i te tāutanga ki te mara. Kua ahu whakamua ngā āheinga hoahoa hanga hiri me te hangarau o ngā rauemi mata hiri ki te wāhi ka taea te whakawhanake kia ōrite ki tētahi tono tukanga.
Mā ngā kaupapa me ngā hangarau whakatauira rorohiko o ēnei rā ka taea te whakamahi i te arotake hoahoa 3-D, te tātari huānga mutunga kore (FEA), te whanaketanga wai rorohiko (CFD), te tātari tinana pakari me ngā kaupapa tātaritanga whakaahua wera kāore i te wātea i mua, he nui rawa rānei te utu mō te whakamahi auau me te tuhi 2-D o mua. Nā ēnei whanaketanga i roto i ngā tikanga whakatauira kua whakapiki ake i te pono o te hoahoa o ngā hiri miihini.
Nā ēnei kaupapa me ngā hangarau i ārahi te huarahi ki te hoahoa i ngā hiri kātere paerewa me ngā wāhanga pakari ake. I roto i ēnei ko te tango i ngā puna me ngā mowhiti-O hihiri mai i te wai tukanga, ā, i hanga ai te hangarau stator ngāwari hei hoahoa whiriwhiri.
TE WHAKAMĀTAUTAU I TE HOAHOA WHAKARITE
Nā te whakaurunga mai o ngā hiri kātere paerewa kua nui ake te pono o te pūnaha hiri nā tōna pakari me te ngāwari o te tāutanga. Mā tēnei pakari ka taea te whānuitanga o ngā āhuatanga tono me te mahi pono.
Hei tāpiritanga, nā te tere ake o te hoahoa me te hanga o ngā pūnaha hiri kua hangaia kia rite ki te hiahia, kua taea ai te "whakatikatika pai" mō ngā whakaritenga mahi papu rerekē. Ka taea te whakauru i te whakaritenga mā te whakarerekē i te hiri tonu, mā te ngāwari ake rānei, mā ngā wāhanga pūnaha āwhina pērā i te mahere paipa. Ko te kaha ki te whakahaere i te taiao hiri i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere rerekē mā te pūnaha tautoko, mā ngā mahere paipa rānei, he mea tino nui ki te mahi me te pono o te hiri.
I puta anō hoki tētahi whanaketanga ā-taiao, arā, he papu i hangaia kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga, me tētahi hiri miihini kua whakaritea. I ēnei rā, ka taea te hoahoa tere me te whakamātautau i tētahi hiri miihini mō ngā momo āhuatanga tukanga katoa, ngā āhuatanga papu rānei. Ka taea te hoahoa me te hanga i ngā mata hiri, ngā tawhā rahi o te rūma hiri me te āhua o te urunga o te hiri ki roto i te rūma hiri kia rite ki te whakaritenga mō ngā momo tono whānui. Nā te whakahou i ngā paerewa pēnei i te Paerewa 682 o te American Petroleum Institute (API) kua piki ake te pono o te hiri mā roto i ngā whakaritenga e whakamana ana i te hoahoa, ngā rauemi me te mahi a te hiri.
He Taunga Whakarite
I ia rā, i ia rā, ka whawhai te umanga hiri ki te hokohoko i te hangarau hiri. He maha rawa ngā kaihoko e whakaaro ana "he hiri te hiri, he hiri te hiri." He maha ngā wā ka taea e ngā papu paerewa te whakamahi i te hiri taketake kotahi. Heoi, ina tāutahia, ka whakamahia hoki ki ngā āhuatanga tukanga motuhake, ka whakatinanahia he momo whakaritenga i roto i te pūnaha hiri hei whiwhi i te pono e hiahiatia ana i raro i taua huinga āhuatanga whakahaere me te tukanga matū.
Ahakoa te hoahoa kātere paerewa kotahi, he whānuitia ngā āheinga whakaritenga mai i te kōwhiringa o ngā wāhanga rauemi ki te mahere paipa e whakamahia ana. He mea nui te aratohu mō te kōwhiringa o ngā wāhanga o te pūnaha hiri e te kaihanga hiri hei whakatutuki i te taumata mahi me te pono whānui e hiahiatia ana. Mā tēnei momo whakaritenga ka taea e ngā hiri miihini te whakaroa i te whakamahinga noa tae atu ki te 30 ki te 60 marama o te MTBR kaua ki te 24 marama.
Mā tēnei huarahi, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakamahi te whakamana i te whiwhinga o tētahi pūnaha hiri kua hangaia mō ā rātou tono, āhua me te mahi. Mā tēnei āheinga ka whakawhiwhia te kaiwhakamahi ki te mōhiotanga e hiahiatia ana mō te whakahaere o te papu i mua i te tāutanga. Kāore e hiahiatia te whakaaro noa mō te mahi a te papu, mēnā rānei ka taea e ia te whakahaere i te tono.
HOAHOA PONO
Ahakoa he rite tonu ngā mahi a te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere tukatuka, kāore ngā tono i te rite. He rerekē ngā tere o ngā tukanga, he rerekē ngā pāmahana me ngā matotoru, he rerekē hoki ngā tikanga whakahaere me ngā whirihoranga papu.
I roto i ngā tau, kua whakauruhia e te umanga hiri miihini ngā auahatanga nui kua whakaiti i te aro o ngā hiri ki ngā āhuatanga mahi rerekē, ā, kua piki ake te pono. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, ki te kore he taputapu aroturuki a te kaiwhakamahi whakamutunga hei whakarato whakatūpato mō te wiri, te pāmahana, te peera me ngā kawenga motuka, i te nuinga o te wā, ka mahi tonu ngā hiri o ēnei rā i ā rātou mahi matua.
WHAKAMUTUNGA
Mā te hangarau pono, ngā whakarei ake i ngā rauemi, te hoahoa āwhina-rorohiko me ngā tikanga hanga matatau, kei te whakaatu tonu i te uara me te pono o ngā hiri miihini. Ahakoa te rerekētanga o ngā tukunga me te whakahaere aukati, me ngā here haumaru me te whakaaturanga, kua noho tonu ngā hiri ki mua i ngā whakaritenga wero. Koia te take he pai tonu te whiriwhiri i ngā hiri miihini i roto i ngā ahumahi tukatuka.
Wā tuku: Pipiri-30-2022