He aha i kimi wawe ai i te turuturu o te hiri mīhini
Ngā hiri mīhiniKoia te ārai matua mō ngā papu tohanga, ngā pūwero, me ngā kaiwhakaohooho. Ahakoa te tika o tā rātou hangarau, koinei tonu te wāhanga tino ngoikore i roto i ngā taputapu hurihuri, e 60 ki te 70 ōrau pea o ngā pakaru katoa o te papu i roto i ngā ahumahi tukatuka. Mā te tautuhi wawe i te pūtake me te kaha o te turuturu o te hiri miihini ka ārai i te pakaru o te hiri ā-rohe ki te pakaru kino o ngā taputapu, ā, mā reira ka tiakina te haere tonu o te mahi me te pupuri i te tutuki i ngā ture.
Te Whakaiti i te Wā Whakamutu i te Kimitanga Wā Moata
Ina tīmata te pakaru o te hiri miihini, ko te tohu tuatahi he turuturu iti, he maha ngā wā ka inehia i roto i te 5 ki te 10 pata ia meneti i runga ake i te turanga kua whakaritea. Ki te kore e arohia, ka pakaru pea ngā wehewehe o te whare peera i te wai. Mā te poke o te hinu whakahinuhinu peera e te wai tukatuka ka taea te whakaiti i te roa o te oranga o te peera—i roto i ētahi rangahau, kua whakaatuhia he iti noa te poke o te wai (hei tauira, 20 ppm) ka whakaiti i te roa o te oranga o te peera mā te tata ki te haurua.
Mā te tautuhi i te turuturu o te hiri i te wāhanga turuturu-iti, ka taea e ngā tīma tiaki te whakarite i tētahi wā kua whakariteawhakakapinga hiri, e hiahiatia ana kia whā ki te ono hāora te wā whakamutu kua whakaritea. He rerekē, ko te tuku i te turuturu kia haere tonu tae noa ki te pakaru o ngā peera ka hua ake he piko nui o te pou, te pa atu o te impeller ki te anga, me te taumaha rawa o te motuka. Ka whakanuia e tēnei kino tuarua te wā whakamutu, ka huri i te whakawhiti hiri noa hei whakahou papu whānui.
Ngā Mōrearea Arumoni o te Tūtaki Kore-Mana
Ka puta he herenga nui ki ngā mahi arumoni me ngā ture e pā ana ki te turuturu o te hiri miihini kāore i te whakahaeretia. Mō ngā mahi matū hinu me te whakamahine, ko te tukunga o ngā matū waro pūngoi (VOC) e tino whakahaerehia ana e ngā ture taiao pērā i te kaupapa Rapu me te Whakatikanga turuturu (LDAR) a te EPA. I raro i ēnei anga, ko te hiri e tuku ana i ngā VOC neke atu i te 500 wāhanga ia miriona (ppm) ka akiaki i te ripoata me ngā wā whakatikatika tino pakari, ko ngā tukunga neke atu i te 10,000 ppm ka hua ake he whiu nui me te kati i ngā waeine kua whakahaua.
Haunga ngā whiu ture, ko te rerenga o te wai tukanga he ngaronga tika o ngā taonga whai hua. Ko ngā hua kua oti te whakapai ake he nui te utu, ngā wai whakawhiti wera motuhake, ngā matū whakakorikori rānei e rere ana i te tere o te 3 miririta ia meneti ka hua ake he ngaronga neke atu i te 400 karani ia papu. Hei tāpiri, ko te turuturu o ngā wai tukanga he maha ngā wā ka puta te waikura o waho ki ngā turanga papu me te maitai hanganga, ka hiahiatia he utu nui mō te whakaora whakarewa.
Me pēhea te tautuhi me te whakarōpū i te turuturu o te hiri mīhini
Hei tātaritanga tika i te hauora o te hiri miihini, me tautuhi tuatahi koe he aha te mea e kiia ana he turuturu rerekē.ngā hiri mīhini katoa e pā anaturuturu. Me noho he kiriata wai moroiti, i waenga i te 0.25 me te 1.0 maikoroni te matotoru i runga i te whakamahinga, i waenganui i ngā mata hurihuri me ngā mata tūmau hei whakarato hinu whakahinuhinu me te whakamatao e tika ana. Ko te wero tātaritanga kei roto i te wehewehe i waenga i te turuturu hoahoa e tika ana me te turuturu tukanga mate.
Te turuturu noa o te whārangi tangi me te turuturu tukanga
Ko te wai whakapūmau noa te hua mahi a te kiriata wai whakahinuhinu e mimiti ana, e heke ana rānei puta noa i ngā mata o te hiri. Mō te whakamahinga wai noa i runga i te rakau 2-inihi (50 mm) e mahi ana i te 3,600 RPM, ko te wai whakapūmau e whakaaetia ana ko te 1 ki te 2 pata ia meneti. I roto i te maha o ngā whakamahinga warowaihā e rere ana i ngā pāmahana teitei, ka mimiti tonu tēnei wai whakapūmau ina pā ki te pēhanga hau, ka kore e kitea e te kanohi tahanga.
I tetahi atu taha, ko te turuturu o te tukanga e tohuhia ana e te rere nui e nui ake ana i te kaha mimiti o ngā mata hiri, ka hua ake he kohikohinga wai e kitea ana. Ina neke atu i te 60 ngā maturuturunga ia meneti (tata ki te 3 ki te 4 miririta ia meneti) ngā tere turuturu, kua ngaro te pumau o te hiri. Ko tēnei nekehanga mai i te mimiti mimiti ki te turuturu tonu o te wai e tohu ana i te pakaru o te papatahi o te mata, te he nui o te wera, te kaha whakatuwheratanga waipēhi rānei kua kaha ake i te puna miihini me ngā kaha kati wai.
Ngā Tauira Tātari mai i te Pakaru o te Kanohi, te Pakaru rānei o te Elastomer
Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te wā o te turuturu ka whakarato i ngā tohu tātaritanga nui mō te pakaru o te wāhanga o roto. Ko te turuturu e ahu mai ana i te kakahu mata tuatahi ka puta hei pikinga haere tonu o te rōrahi i roto i ngā wiki, i ngā marama rānei. I te mea ka pakaru ngā mata waro, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide rānei, ka matotoru te kiriata wai, ka nui ake te hua ka puta. Ko tēnei momo turuturu he rite tonu, ā, he rite ki te pēhanga tukunga o te papu i te wā e oma ana te taputapu.
He rerekē, ko te turuturu i puta mai i te kino o te elastomer tuarua—pērā i te whakatōtōtanga o te mowhiti-O, te pupuhi matū, te huinga pēhanga rānei—he maha ngā wā ka puta he turuturu ohorere, he koretake, he turuturu tūmau rānei. Mēnā kua whakapakeketia te mowhiti-O nā te hekenga wera, ka ngaro tōna ngāwari me tōna kaha ki te whai i ngā nekehanga tuaka iti o te mata hiri. Ka hua ake he turuturu nui o te wai ina kati te papu, ā, ka heke te pēhanga wai hihiri, he āhuatanga e mōhiotia ana ko te turuturu tūmau.
Te Whakatauranga i te Kaha mā te Mōrearea Wai
Ko te hiahia kia aro atu ki te turuturu o te hiri ka whakatauhia e te nui o te wai e puta ana me tōna whakarōpūtanga mōrearea motuhake. Whakarōpūtia te kaha o te turuturu mā te whakataurite i te tere o te turuturu ki te paitini o te wai, te mura, me te pānga ki te taiao. Ka whakaratohia e ngā aratohu API 682 he anga pakari mō tēnei whakarōpūtanga.
| Kāwai Tūponotanga | Ngā Āhuatanga Wai | Te turuturu kitea e whakaaetia ana | Paepae Mahi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kāwai 1 | Pai (Wai, wai mātotoru) | < 5 pata/min | > 60 pata/min (Whakaritea te whakatikatika) |
| Kāwai 2 | Mura / Ngāwari te mura | Kore he wai e kitea ana | > 500 ppm VOC (tūturutanga LDAR) |
| Kāwai 3 | Paitini / Whakamate (H2S, waikawa HF) | Kāore e kitea / Kāore he kohu | > 10 ppm hauhautanga (Whakamutua tonutia) |
| Kāwai 4 | Te pāmahana teitei (> 176°C) | Mamao / kohu | Te kitea o te puna wai (Tūpono haumaru) |
Ko tēnei kaupapa whakarōpū te kaupapa matua mō ngā kawa urupare. Tērā pea ka tuhia, ka aroturukitia hoki te turuturu 10-taka ia meneti i runga i te papu wai whakamatao mō ngā marama, engari ko te kitenga mamaoa ā-rohe o te 50 ppm i runga i te papu waikawa waihāora me tere te wehe i te waeine.
Ngā Tikanga Tere ki te Kite i te Tūtakitanga o te Hiri Mīhini
He mea nui te tere o te kimi i te turuturu o te hiri miihini hei ārai i ngā kino o ngā taputapu tāpiri. Ka whakamahia e ngā whare ahumahi hou tētahi huarahi taumata-maha hei kimi turuturu, e whakakotahi ana i ngā rauna kaiwhakahaere tuku iho me ngā pūnaha aroturuki āhua matatau hei tautuhi i te ngaronga o te aukati i te wā wawe rawa.
Tirotiro Tirohanga, Aroturuki i te Waikeri, me ngā Tirotiro i te Hiri o te Ipu
Ko te tirotiro ā-kanohi tonu te tikanga matua mō te kimi i te wai. Tirohia mēnā he wai e pupū ana i raro i te anga papu, he paru kei runga i te pereti turanga, he kapua kohu rānei kei te taha o te repe. Nā te mea he tohu whakaroa ngā tirotiro ā-kanohi, me whakawhirinaki hoki ngā whare ki te aroturuki i te rerenga wai me ngā tirotiro hiri motuhake.
Mō ngā hiri takirua kāore he pēhanga e whakamahi ana i te whakaritenga Mahere API 52, ka hopukina e te ipu hiri te turuturu o te hiri o roto. Ko te pikinga tere o te taumata wai o te ipu hiri, te pikinga ohorere rānei o te pēhanga o te puna wai e tohu ana i te pakaru tuatahi o te mata o roto. Mō ngā hiri takirua he pēhanga e whakamahi ana i te pūnaha Mahere API 53A, ko te hekenga o te pēhanga wai ārai neke atu i te 0.5 pae i roto i te wā 24-hāora, te whakaritenga rānei kia whakakīhia te puna wai i ngā wā katoa atu i ia 28 rā, e whakarato ana i te taunakitanga tino tika mō te turuturu o te hiri i mua i te taenga o tētahi wai tukanga ki te āhuarangi.
Te Whakamahi i ngā Auahatanga o te Wiri, te Pāmahana, me te Pēhanga
Mā te aroturukitanga matatau o te āhua e whakamahi ngā taputapu hei kite i ngā tohu ā-tinana o te hiri e pakaru ana i mua i te putanga mai o te turuturu rōrahi. Ka taea e te tātaritanga wiri auau-tiketike, inā koa te aroturukitanga Tukunga Oro (AE) i te awhe 20 kHz ki te 100 kHz, te kite i te waku moroiti i puta mai i te kiriata wai e hinga ana. Heoi, me whakatū he turanga tika, ma te aroturukitanga AE kia whai hua ai, kia karohia ai hoki ngā hua teka.
Waihoki, ko ngā au o te pāmahana he māramatanga tātaritanga nui. Mā ngā thermocouples e whakauruhia tika ana ki roto i te repe hiri tūmau, e aroturuki ana rānei i te hokinga mai o te raina horoi ka taea te kite i ngā rerekētanga wera. Ko te pikinga ohorere o te pāmahana o te 10°C ki te 15°C i runga ake i te turanga kua whakaritea he tohu i te wera nui o te waku, he tohu tika ki te pupuhi o te mata me te turuturu nui. Kia mahara ka rerekē pea ngā pānui thermocouple i runga i te mahere horoi me ngā āhuatanga taiao, nō reira me whakamārama i roto i te horopaki. Mā te aroturuki i te pēhanga rerekē i waenga i te pouaka whakakī me te wai ārai ka whakaatuhia hoki ngā koretake o te waipēhi.
Te Whakataurite i te Tere me te Pono o te Kitenga
Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga kimi tika me whakataurite i te tere kimi e hiahiatia ana me ngā utu tāutanga me te pono o te pūnaha. Mā ngā tono mōrearea nui ka tika te aroturuki hiko tonu, engari ko ngā taputapu taurite-o-te-whakahaere ka whakawhirinaki pea ki ngā tirotiro ā-ringa o ia rā.
| Tikanga Kimi | Tohu Matua | Tere Kimi | Te Pono / Ngā Whakapono Hē | Te Utu Whakatinanatanga |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tukunga Oro | Te waku auau teitei | Tere tonu (Matapae) | Teitei (Me tātari e te tohunga) | Teitei (Ka rerekē i runga i te pūnaha) |
| Taumata/Pēhanga o te Ipu Hiri | Te huringa wai rōrahi | Tere (Ngā Hāora ki ngā Rā) | Tino Teitei (Ine tika) | Waenga (Kei roto i ngā Mahere API) |
| Te Thermocouple Whakauru | Te pikinga o te pāmahana o te mata | Tere (Meneti ki ngā Hāora) | Waenga (I awehia e te tukanga) | Waenga ($500 – $1,000) |
| Tirotiro Tirohanga / Tirohanga Wai | Te pupū wai/te tae | Pōturi (Ngā Rā ki ngā Wiki) | Iti (Kei raro i te tirotiro a te kaiwhakahaere) | Iti (Utu mahi anake) |
Mā te whakauru i ēnei tikanga kanorau ki roto i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere tohatoha pokapū (DCS), ka taea e koe te whakatakoto i ngā whakaoho aunoa, maha-taurangi e whakaoho ana i ngā matohi tiaki i mua noa atu i te pahūtanga kino o te hiri.
Tukanga Hipanga-i-te-Hipanga hei Kimi i te turuturu o te hiri mīhini
Kia whakapaetia he turuturu o te hiri miihini, whakahaerehia he tukanga tātaritanga pūnaha. Mā te wetewete matapōkere i ngā taputapu ka whakangaro i ngā taunakitanga taihara nui. Mā te tukanga kimi whenua hanganga ka taea te tautuhi i te ara turuturu tika, ka taea ai te whakamahere whakatika tika.
Te Wehewehe i te Pūtake o te Tūtaki
Tuatahi, wehea te pūtake tūturu o te wai. Ko te kohikohinga wai i raro i te papu kāore e whakamana i tete pakaru o te hiri miihiniKaua e whakaurua ngā pūnaha āwhina, pērā i te turuturu o ngā gasket flange i runga i ngā paipa momi, i ngā paipa tukunga rānei, ngā hononga miro kua pakaru i runga i ngā raina horoi hiri, te hauhautanga noa iho rānei mai i ngā tono ratonga makariri.
Horoia, whakamarokehia hoki te anga papu katoa, te repe, me te pereti turanga. Mō ngā hiri hau pēhanga iti, ngā tono warowaihā māmā rānei e kore e kitea te turuturu, whakamahia he taputapu kite turuturu wai motuhake (he otinga wai hopi) ki ngā hononga repe, whakamahia rānei he taputapu kite turuturu ultrasonic hei tohu i te pūtake tukunga tika. Mena ka whakaūtia te wai, te tohu oro rānei e puta mai ana i te rohe repe hiri anake, haere tonu ki te wehenga taumata-wāhanga.
Te Raupapa Tirotiro Huri noa i te Repe
Ko te tirotiro i te rohe repe e hiahiatia ana he raupapa arorau, e neke ana i roto i te pūnaha mai i ngā hononga o waho tūmau ki ngā wāhanga o roto hihiri. Whāia ēnei mahi hei whakakore i ngā ara turuturu pea:
- Tirohia ngā hononga pūmau:Tirohia ngā hononga NPT katoa, ngā hononga flanged rānei i runga i te pereti repe, tae atu ki ngā putanga flush, quench, me te drainer. Ka taea te whakatika i tētahi hiri miro kua pakaru, kua kore rānei e hiahiatia he wetewete papu.
- Tirohia te atanga o te pereti repe:Tirohia te hononga i waenga i te pereti repe me te mata o te pouaka whakakī papu. Ko te turuturu i konei e tohu ana i te pakaru o te gasket repe static, he maha ngā wā ka puta mai i ngā raupapa taipana koretake, te taumahatanga pūtu koretake, te whakaekenga matū rānei.
- Tirohia ngā āputa hihiri:Tirohia te hononga i waenga i te pou papu (te ringaringa pou rānei) me te diameter o roto o te repe. Mena kei te rehu kaha, kei te maturuturu rānei te wai mai i tēnei āputa hihiri i te wā e hurihuri ana te pou, kua pakaru ngā mata hiri tuatahi, te mowhiti-O tuarua hihiri rānei.
- Tirohia mēnā he turuturu pūmau:Mātakihia te taputapu ina tino tū te toki. Ko ngā turuturu nui o te toki e tohu ana i te huinga pēhanga elastomer, i te hē nui rānei o te mata miihini.
Te Tuhituhi i ngā Kitenga mō te Tātari Take Pūtake
He mea nui te tuhi i te turuturu ā-rohe mō te Tātaritanga Raru Take Pūtake (RCFA) e whai ake nei. Tuhia te tere turuturu tika. Ahakoa te whakamahi i te rango kua tohua me te uati mutu ka whakarato i ngā raraunga rōrahi tika (mirarita ia meneti), he maha ngā wā kāore e whai hua, he haumaru rānei tēnei tikanga mō ngā wai pāmahana teitei, ngā wai pūngāwerewere rānei. I roto i ēnei āhuatanga, whakawhirinaki ki te aromatawai tirohanga, ki ngā huringa taumata pūnaha kati rānei, kaua e tūpono ka pāngia ngā kaimahi.
Tuhia ngā tawhā whakahaere i te wā tika o te turuturu—pērā i te pēhanga o te pouaka whakakī, te pāmahana tukanga, me te tere wiri motuhake—ki roto i te pūnaha whakahaere tiaki rorohiko (CMMS). Tāpirihia ngā whakaahua o te ara turuturu, te waikura ā-rohe, te hanganga hua tioata rānei ki te ota mahi. Mā tēnei raraunga matatini ka taea e koe te whakahou tika i ngā inenga Wā Mean Between Repairs (MTBR) me te whakatau mēnā me whakapai ake te hoahoa hiri mō te rahunga.
Me pēhea te whakatau i waenga i te whakatikatika, te whakatikatika, me te whakakapinga
Ahakoa te turuturu o te hiri miihini, kāore e hiahiatia he whakatikatika tere tonu mō te papu. Aromatawaihia te kaha o te turuturu me te whakataurite ki te haumaru mahi me ngā whakaritenga whakaputa kia mōhio ai mēnā ka taea te whakaiti i te turuturu mā te whakarerekētanga mahi, te whakahaere haumaru kia tae rā anō ki te wā e whakaritea ana, me te hiahia rānei kia kati ohorere.
Āhea ka taea e ngā huringa whakahaere te whakatika i te turuturu
I ētahi wā, he tohu noa iho te turuturu o te hiri miihini o ngā āhuatanga tukanga rangitahi. Mena nā te mimiti o te wai tukanga (te mimiti) i ngā mata o te hiri nā te koretake o ngā tawhā pēhanga mamaoa i puta ai te turuturu, ka taea e ngā huringa whakahaere kua whakaritea te whakau i te hiri.
Mā te whakanui ake i te pēhanga o te pouaka whakakī mā te whakawhāiti paku i te takirere tukunga papu, te whakaheke rānei i te pāmahana wai mā te whakanui ake i te rere o te horoinga API Plan 11, Plan 21 rānei, ka taea te whakahoki mai i te kiriata wai e tika ana. Mō ngā hiri pēhanga takirua, mēnā kua heke te pēhanga wai ārai i raro i te rerekētanga kua tūtohutia i runga ake i te pēhanga pouaka whakakī, ka wehe pea ngā mata o roto. Mā te pēhanga anō i te pūnaha ārai ki te whakatakotoranga tika ka taea te whakanoho anō i ngā mata me te aukati i te turuturu, ka karo katoa i te haehae miihini.
Ina hiahiatia he Whakamutu Whakaritea mō te turuturu
Ina kore e taea e ngā whakatikatika whakahaere te whakatika i te turuturu, engari kei roto tonu te nui i ngā rohe haumaru, ka taea te whakaroa i te whakatikatika ki tētahi wā kati kua whakaritea. Me whakatū he paepae aroturuki pakari, ka taea te ine mō tēnei rautaki.
Hei tauira, ki te whakaatu te papu wai whāngai poiha i te turuturu pumau, he iti noa te turuturu, ā, ka mau tonu ngā tohu wiri, tera pea ka taea e te taputapu te mahi haumaru mō ētahi wiki. I roto i tēnei wā, me hoko ngā mea e tika anahiri kātere whakakapingame te whakarite i te mahi e hiahiatia ana. Mā te whakaroa i te whakatikatika ka ārai i te whakararuraru i ngā tukanga whakaputa tonu, ā, ka karohia hoki ngā utu tiaki ohorere nui. Heoi anō, me aroturuki i ia rā kia kore ai e tere haere te tere o te turuturu.
Te Whakataurite i te Haumaru, te Utu, me te Pono
Ko te whakatau whakamutunga ki te whakarerekē, ki te whakatika, ki te whakakapi rānei i ngā hononga kei runga i te whakataurite i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi, te Utu Katoa o te Mana Whakahaere (TCO), me te pono o ngā taputapu mō te wā roa. Mena he matū kino, he matū mura rānei kei roto i te turuturu, ka nui ake te haumaru i ngā whakaaro arumoni katoa; me wehe wawe te wāhanga me te whakakapi mēnā ka nui ake ngā tukunga i ngā paepae ture, ka kitea rānei he maturuturu o te waikawa waikura.
Mai i te tirohanga utu, he onge te whai huatanga o te whakatika i tētahi hiri wāhanga tawhito kua tino pakaru me te hītori o ngā pakaru roa. Whakatauritehia te utu mō tētahi kātere hou, he mea motuhake ki te tono, me te whiu nui rawa atu o te wā kore mahi, te ngaronga o te whakaputanga, me ngā kino pea ki te pou papu me ngā peera. Mā te whakamahi kaha i ngā raraunga pakaru me te tātari mōrearea wai, ka taea e koe te arotau i ō rautaki huringa ora o te hiri miihini me te whakahaere pai i ngā turuturu.
Ngā Whakaaro Matua
- Me whakaaro he tohu whakatūpato tōmua te pikinga o te turuturu o te 5 ki te 10 pata ia meneti i runga ake i te tūāpapa noa, me tirotiro.
- Me wehewehe te turuturu o te hiri noa mai i te turuturu o te tukanga i mua i te whakatau kati, nā te mea me whai kiriata hinu moroiti te mata o te hiri e pā ana kia mahi haumaru ai.
- Tirohia wawe te wāhi hiri ina kitea ana he turuturu hei ārai i te wai tukanga kei poke i te hinu peera, ā, ka whakapoto i te roa o te ora o te peera.
- Whakaritea te whakakapinga o te hiri i te wā e whakaritea ana kia kore ai e turuturu, ina iti tonu te turuturu, i te mea e whā ki te ono hāora pea te roa o te whakatikatika whakahaeretia, ki te whakaritea ki te whakahounga papu roa ake.
- Whakanuia tonutia te turuturu o te hiri e pā ana ki te VOC nā te mea ka taea e ngā tukunga kei runga ake i ngā paepae ture te whakaoho i te pūrongo ā-ture, te rā kati mō ngā mahi whakatika, te whaina, te kati rānei.
- Tuhia te tere o te turuturu, te momo wai, ngā āhuatanga whakahaere, me ngā taunakitanga ā-kanohi kia taea ai e ngā tīma tiaki te tautuhi mēnā ko te hiri, te repe, te paipa, te whare peera rānei te pūtake pono.
Ngā Pātai Auau
E hia te nui o te turuturu o te hiri ā-ringa e kiia ana he mea noa?
He mea noa te iti o te waikura nā te mea me whai kiriata wai whakahinuhinu ngā mata o te hiri. I roto i te maha o ngā whakamahinga papu wai, he pai pea te 1 ki te 2 pata ia meneti, engari me tirotirohia te pikinga o te 5 ki te 10 pata ia meneti i runga ake i te paerewa.
He aha te huarahi tere ki te kimi i te turuturu o te hiri miihini?
Tīmata mā te whakaū i te pūtake turuturu i te rūma hiri, kātahi ka tirohia te tere turuturu, te tauira rehu, ngā tohu wai tukatuka, te poke o te whare peera, me ngā hononga paipa, gasket rānei e tata ana. Whakatauritehia ngā kitenga ki te paerewa noa o te papu i mua i te whakatau i te whakatika.
He aha me whakatika wawe ai ngā turuturu o te hiri miihini?
Mā te mahi wawe ka ārai i te wai tukanga kei tae atu ki ngā peera, ngā hononga, ngā wāhanga motuka, me ngā turanga papu. E whā ki te ono hāora noa iho pea te roa o te whakakapinga hiri kua whakaritea, engari ko te turuturu kāore i te arohia ka arahi pea ki te pakaru o te peera, te kino o te toki, me te whakahou katoa o te papu.
Ka taea e ngā hiri miihini katoa te turuturu nā te mea i hangaia?
Āe. Ko te whakapā atu ki ngā hiri miihini me whai kiriata moroiti i waenganui i ngā mata hurihuri me ngā mata tūmau hei whakahinuhinu me te whakamatao. Ehara i te mea ko te kore turuturu i ngā wā katoa te whāinga, engari ko te mōhio ki te wā e huri ai te turuturu noa hei turuturu tukanga rerekē.
He aha ngā tohu noa o te pakaru o te hiri miihini?
Ko ngā tohu noa ko te pikinga o te tere o te maturuturu, te rehu e kitea ana, te hua tioata huri noa i te repe, te haunga rerekē, ngā tukunga kohu, te poke o te hinu peera, te pikinga o te wiri, te wera rawa, te waikura rānei huri noa i te turanga papu.
Te wā tuku: Hurae-16-2026