Ngā Pūnaha Hiri Ā-ringa Takirua: Āhea me te Take e Whakamahia ai

Kupu Whakataki

Ko te tikanga, ka whiriwhiria he hiri ā-ringa takirua ina kore e taea te whakaaro he take tiaki iti noa te turuturu, engari he mōrearea haumaru, taiao, pono rānei. I roto i ngā papu e whakahaere ana i ngā wai morearea, pūngāwerewere, kirikiri, kore rānei e pai te hinu, ka tāpirihia e te whakaritenga hiri-rua he arai pupuri tuarua, ā, ka mahi tahi me te pūnaha tautoko hei whakaū i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. E whakamārama ana tēnei tuhinga i te wā e tika ai taua uauatanga tāpiri, he aha ngā āhuatanga tukanga e akiaki ana i te whakatau, me te take e pā ai te kōwhiringa hiri ki te whakahaere tukunga, te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu, me te wā kore mahi i whakaritea. Mai i te whakaiti mōrearea ki te ōhanga whakahaere, ka whakaratohia e te matapaki he anga mahi hei whakatau i te wā e tika ai te hiri ā-ringa takirua hei kōwhiringa hangarau.

He aha te Hiranga o te Kōwhiringa Hiri Ā-ringa Takirua

I roto i ngā mahi whakahaere wai me ngā mahi hurihuri o ngā taputapu o ēnei rā,Ko te hiri ā-ringa te ārai matuai waenga i ngā wai tukanga me te taiao o waho. Ahakoa he rawaka ngā hiri miihini kotahi mō ngā tono pai, ka noho te whakatakotoranga o tētahi pūnaha hiri miihini takirua hei whakahau hangarau nui ina tata te tawhiti mō te hapa ki te kore. Ko te whiriwhiri i te hangarau hiri tika ehara i te mea he mea pupuri wai anake; he mea nui hoki hei whakatau i te haumaru o te tipu, te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao, me te hua whakahaere mō te wā roa.

Ko te whakatau ki te whakatinana i tētahi whirihoranga hiri rua ka tino whakarerekē i te hoahoa o tētahi pūnaha papu. Ka whakauruhia he pūnaha pupuri tuarua, he pūnaha tautoko āwhina, me ngā whanaketanga wai uaua me whakahaere marie. Ko te mārama ki ngā kōtaha mōrearea me ngā hua whakahaere e hiahiatia ana tēnei whakapai ake ko te taahiraa tuatahi ki te hangarau taputapu hurihuri haepapa.

Ngā mōrearea pono me te haumaru

Ko te whakamārama tere mō ngā hiri ā-ringa takirua kei roto i te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea pakaru kino. I roto i ngā tono pēhanga teitei, pāmahana teitei rānei e uru ana ki ngā wai mura, paitini, pahū rānei, ka taea e te pakaru ohorere o te hiri tuatahi te arahi ki ngā mōrearea ā-rohe tonu. Ko ngā wai he ira mura kei raro iho i te 60°C (140°F), ko ngā whakatauranga mōrearea hauora NFPA he 3, he 4 rānei, ko ērā rānei kei roto ngā poke hau morearea (HAP) me pupuri tonu hei ārai i te hanganga kapua kohu, te ahi rānei.

Mā te whakamahi i tētahi mata hiri tuarua, ka tino whakapai ake ngā whare i te Wā Waenga i waenganui i ngā Rahunga (MTBF) o ngā taputapu, ka roa ake te ora mahi mā te 150% ki te 300% ki te whakataurite ki ngā hiri takitahi i roto i ngā ratonga ōrite. Mēnā ka pakaru te hiri o roto, ka pupuri te hiri o waho i te wai tukanga, i te wai ārai rānei, kia taea ai e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakahaere i tētahi kati whakahaere kaua ki te tūtaki ki tētahi tukunga ohorere.

Ngā āwangawanga mō ngā tukunga me ngā turuturu

Nā ngā ture taiao pakari, ka akiakihia ngā whare hou ki te whakatutuki i te tata ki te kore o ngā tukunga paru. Ko ngā anga ture, pērā i te Tikanga 21 a te EPA i te Hononga o Amerika, te Industrial Emissions Directive rānei i Ūropi, ka whakamanahia ngā paepae turuturu matū waro mimiti (VOC), he maha ngā wā ka whakahauhia kia iti iho i te 500 wāhanga ia miriona (ppm), ā, i ētahi rohe, tae noa ki te 50 ppm.

Ko te hiri kotahi, i hangaia mā te whakamahi i tētahi kiriata wai moroiti hei whakahinuhinu i ōna mata, ā, ko te mutunga iho he mimiti iti noa iho (1 ki te 5 karamu ia hāora) me te tukunga atu ki te āhuarangi.Ngā hiri miihini takirua, inā koa ko ērā e whakamahi ana i te wai ārai pēhanga (API 682 Whakaritenga 3), ka whakakorea katoatia te tukunga o ngā wai tukanga ki te āhuarangi, ka whakakapia te turuturu tukanga pea ki ngā iti noa o te wai ārai pai.

Te pānga ki te whakaputa me te tiaki

Haunga ngā ture haumaru me te taiao, he nui te pānga o te kōwhiringa hiri ki te wātea o ngā tipu me ngā tahua tiaki.Tata ki te 70% o ngā pakaru o te hiri miihinio ngā wawaotanga tiaki papu toriti katoa. Ko te whakakapinga hiri papu noa e hiahiatia ana i waenga i te 8 ki te 24 haora o te mahi me te wā whakamutu mahi, ka puta pea he mate whakaputa mai i te $10,000 ki te neke atu i te $50,000 ia haora i roto i ngā tukanga matū hinu tonu.

Ka wehea ngā mata hiri kua oti te whakakī kia tika mai i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te tukanga e ngā hiri miihini takirua. Mā te whakarato i tētahi wai ārai ma, matao, me te tino hinuhinu, ka tiakina ngā mata hiri mai i te rere maroke, te kakahu taratara, me te whakapōturitanga wera, ka roa ake te ora o te papu me te whakaiti i ngā wawaotanga tiaki kore i whakaritea.

He aha te Hiri Ā-ringa Takirua?

He hiri miihini takirua, e kiia ana i roto i ngā paerewa hangarau hou ko te hiri takirua, he mea hanga mai i ngā hiri miihini motuhake e rua e mahi raupapa ana, e mahi whakarara ana rānei i roto i te rūma hiri kotahi. Ka hangaia e tēnei whirihoranga he āputa i waenganui i ngā hiri e rua e kī ana i te wai tuarua, e mōhiotia ana ko te wai ārai, ko te wai ārai rānei, e mahi ana hei whakahinuhinu i ngā mata hiri, hei whakamarara i te wera, hei whakarato hoki i te paparanga pupuri tuarua.

Ko te hoahoanga taketake e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taunekeneke i waenga i te hiri o roto (e hono tika ana ki te wai tukanga) me te hiri o waho (e hono ana ki te hau). Ko ngā nekehanga o te wai tuarua e whakatau ana i te whakarōpūtanga tika me te kaha mahi o te huihuinga hiri takirua.

Te whakamāramatanga matua me te mātāpono whakahaere

Ko te kaupapa whakahaere o te hiri takirua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te rerekētanga pēhanga e puritia ana i roto i te kōhao i waenga i ngā hiri o roto me waho. Ina puritia te wai kōhao i te pēhanga iti iho i te pēhanga o te pouaka whakakī tukanga, ka kiia he "wai ārai" (Whakaritenga 2). I tēnei āhua, ka whakahinuhinuhia te hiri o roto e te wai tukanga, ā, ka hopukina tetahi turuturu tukanga e te wai ārai.

I tetahi atu taha, ina pēhia te wai o te kōhao ki te taumata teitei ake i te pēhanga o te tukanga—e mau tonu ana i te 1.5 ki te 2.0 pae (22 ki te 29 psi) i runga ake i te pēhanga pouaka whakakī hihiri mōrahi, e hiahia ana kia tere te rere o te 2 ki te 8 rita ia meneti—ka kiia he "wai ārai" (Whakaritenga 3). I raro i ēnei āhuatanga, ka whakahinuhinuhia e te wai ārai ngā mata hiri o roto me waho. Mena ka pakaru te hiri o roto, ka turuturu te wai ārai ki roto i te tukanga, ka oati kia kore e turuturu te reo tukanga morearea ki waho.

Te whakataurite ki ngā hiri takitahi

He mea nui te mārama ki ngā rerekētanga tuturu i waenga i ngā whirihoranga hiri kotahi me te hiri takirua mō te tātari utu me te mōrearea o te huringa ora. Mā te tāpiri i tētahi hiri tuarua ka tino whakarerekē te anga mahi o te papu.

Ngā whakaritenga hiri me te aronga kanohi

He maha ngā whakaritenga āhuahanga o ngā hiri takirua hei whakatutuki i ngā here ā-wāhi me ngā whakaritenga pēhanga rerekē. Ko te kupu tawhito "tuara-ki-tuara," "kanohi-ki-kanohi," me te "tandem" kua whakakapia e ngā whakarōpūtanga API 682, ahakoa kei te whai tikanga tonu ngā aronga ā-tinana.

Mā te aronga whakamuri ka whakanohohia ngā mowhiti hiri hurihuri e anga whakamuri ana tetahi ki tetahi, he mea tino pai mō ngā wai ārai pēhanga teitei (he maha ngā wā e whakatauria ana mō te 40 ki te 60 pae / 580 ki te 870 psi) engari ka whakaatuhia ngā taputapu hiri o roto ki te wai tukatuka. He mowhiti hononga tūmau noa te aronga kanohi ki te kanohi, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia i roto i ngā pouaka whakakī he iti te wāhi. Mā te aronga takirua (he maha ngā wā Whakaritenga 2) ka whakanohohia ngā hiri e rua ki te ahunga kotahi, ka taea e te hiri o waho te whakahaere i te pēhanga tukatuka katoa mēnā ka rahua te hiri o roto, ka waiho hei whiringa pai mō ngā ratonga whakamomona pēhanga teitei.

Āhea te Whakamahi i te Hiri Ā-ringa Takirua

Ko te tohu i tētahi hiri ā-ringa takirua me whakataurite i te whakapaunga whakapaipai tuatahi nui ki te hiahia whakahaere. Ehara i te mea ko ngā wai kaha katoa e hiahia ana ki ngā hiri takirua; kua whānui ake ngā āheinga o ngā whanaketanga o ngā rauemi mata hiri kotahi me ngā mahere horoi. Heoi, nā ngā paepae whakahaere motuhake me ngā āhuatanga wai ka hangaia he whakahau kore e taea te whiriwhiri mō te whakatinanatanga o te hiri takirua.

Me arotake pūnaha e ngā kaihangarau ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te wai tukanga, te taiao whakahaere, me ngā hua o te korenga e whakatau i te wā e tika ana te whakawhiti mai i te hiri kotahi ki te hiri takirua.

Ngā tikanga ratonga e whakamana ana i te whakamahinga

He maha ngā āhuatanga ratonga uaua e whakamārama ana i te uaua o te hiri takirua. Ko ngā wai he nui te kukū o ngā matūriki whakakoi—e neke atu ana i te 10% o ngā totoka mā te taumaha—ka tere te whakangaro i ngā mata hiri kotahi. Mā te hiri takirua pēhanga ka wehea katoatia ēnei mata mai i ngā mea whakakoi.

Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā wai he iti te hinu whakahinuhinu, pērā i ngā hauwaiwai māmā he matotoru kei raro i te 0.5 cP, ngā whakarewa kore-whakahinuhinu, te wai wera rānei, ka rere hei kohu puta noa i te mata hiri kotahi, ka puta te rere maroke me te pakaru wera. Ko ngā wai tukatuka e mahi tata ana ki tō rātou pēhanga kohu me whai whakatakotoranga hiri takirua, ka taea e te wai ārai hinu pumau te pupuri i te kiriata wai nui i waenga i ngā mata hurihuri me ngā mata tūmau.

Ngā paearu whiriwhiri matua

Ko ngā paearu whiriwhiri matua e aro ana ki te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te paitini, me ngā mōrearea polymerization. Ko ngā tono e mahi ana i ngā pāmahana tino nui (hei tauira, i runga ake i te 200°C / 400°F) he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he hiri takirua me te koropiko whakamatao o waho hei pupuri i ngā mata hiri i roto i ō rātou rohe wera me te ārai i te pirau o te elastomer.

He wero ahurei ngā wai whakapūhui, e whakapakeke ana, e whakatio rānei ina pā ki te hāora hauātea. Mēnā ka whakamahia he hiri kotahi, ka whakatio te turuturu hauātea iti i te taha hauātea o te hiri, ka tere te pakaru o te hiri me te whakaroa i ngā mowhiti-O hihiri. Mā te hiri takirua me te wai ārai hototahi ka ārai i te pānga o te hauātea me te whakatio i muri mai.

Te tukanga whiriwhiri mahi

Te tukanga mahi whaihua mō te whiriwhiri hirime piri ki ngā anga ahumahi kua whakatūria, pērā i te tukanga whiriwhiri API 682 Annex A. Ka tīmata te tukanga mahi mā te tautuhi i te whakarōpūtanga mōrearea wai. Mena he tino paitini te wai, he tino mura rānei, ka tīpakohia aunoatia te Whakaritenga 3 (hiri takirua pēhanga).

Mena kāore te wai i te mōrearea, ka aromatawai te miihini i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te wai (hei tauira, ngā tawhā mamaoa i raro i te 0.35 pae, ngā matotorutanga i raro i te 0.5 cP, ngā kawenga matūriki rānei e neke atu ana i te 10%). Mena ka taka ēnei āhuatanga ki waho o ngā rohe mahi o tētahi hiri kotahi, ka huri te tukanga mahi ki tētahi Whakaritenga 2 (hiri takirua kāore he pēhanga) ki tētahi Whakaritenga 3 rānei, i runga i te mea ko te whāinga matua ko te pupuri tārua, ko te wehe katoa rānei i te mata.

Ngā Tauwhitinga Hangarau me te Whakatutukitanga

Ehara te whakatinanatanga o te hiri ā-ringa takirua i te whakahoutanga taputapu takitahi; engari me whakauru ngā pūnaha tautoko āwhina matatini. Ka whakahaere ēnei pūnaha i te pēhanga, te pāmahana, me te ma o te wai ārai, ā, he rite tonu te hiranga o tōna hoahoa ki te hiri tonu.

He maha ngā taupatupatu e pā ana ki ngā kaihangarau i te wā e hoahoa ana i ēnei pūnaha, e whakataurite ana i te tutuki i ngā paerewa o te ao me ngā herenga ā-tinana o te wāhi o te tipu, te wātea o ngā ratonga, me te hototahitanga o ngā rauemi.

Ngā pūnaha tautoko me ngā Mahere API

Ko ngā hiri takirua e whakawhirinaki katoa ana ki ngā mahere paipa API hei mahi. Ko te hiri takirua kāore he pēhanga e whakamahi ana i te Mahere API 52, e tohatoha ana i te wai ārai mai i tētahi puna wai o waho (he 12 ki te 20 rita te kaha, i hangaia hei whakamarara i te 1 ki te 5 kW o te wera o te mata o te hiri). Me hono tēnei mahere ki tētahi pūnaha whakaora mura, ki tētahi pūnaha kohu rānei hei whakahaere haumaru i te turuturu o te hiri o roto.

Ka whakamahia e ngā hiri takirua pēhanga te Mahere API 53 (A, B, C rānei) te Mahere 54 rānei. Ka whakamahia e te Mahere 53A he puna pēhanga hau, e herea ana ki te 10.3 pae (150 psi) hei ārai i te mimiti hau ki roto i te wai ārai. Mō ngā pēhanga teitei ake, ka whakamahia e te Mahere 53B he kaiwhakaemi pūkahukahu, ko te Mahere 53C ia ka whakamahia he kaiwhakaemi piston e peia ana e te pēhanga tukanga. Ko te Mahere 54, te mea tino uaua, ka whakamahia he reti whakahinuhinu o waho pokapū hei tuku wai ārai ki ngā papu maha i te wā kotahi.

Ngā rauemi, te whakamatao, me te hoahoa paipa

Me whai whakaaro te kōwhiringa rauemi i roto i te pūnaha hiri me te pūnaha tautoko ki te reo tukatuka me te wai ārai. Ko ngā mata hiri he mea hanga mai i ngā rauemi kounga teitei pēnei i te Silicon Carbide (SiC) kua whakatōkia, te Nickel-bound Tungsten Carbide (TC) rānei hei whakahaere i ngā uara tere pēhanga teitei (PV), he maha ngā wā ka neke atu i te 35,000 bar-m/s (1,000,000 psi-ft/min).

Ko ngā huānga hiri tuarua (O-mowhiti) te mea e whakatau ana i ngā rohe wera o te pūnaha. Ahakoa e tika ana ngā Fluoroelastomers paerewa (FKM) tae atu ki te 200°C, e hiahiatia ana ngā Perfluoroelastomers motuhake (FFKM) mō ngā pāmahana e tata ana ki te 320°C (608°F). Hei tāpiri, me whakaiti te hoahoa paipa mō ngā koropiko whakamatao i ngā ngaronga waku; mā te whakamahi i ngā paipa iti iho i te 0.5 inihi (12.7 mm) te whānui ka taea te aukati i te rere o te thermosyphon, ka hua ake te wera nui o te hiri.

Ngā paerewa tutuki me ngā paerewa tipu

Mā te tutuki i ngā paerewa o te ao ka whakarite kia haumaru, kia pono hoki te turanga, engari ka puta he herenga nui ki te hangarau. I roto i ngā rāngai hinu, hau, me te matū hinu, ka whakahaua e te API 682 (Putanga 4) me te ISO 21049 ngā whakaritenga pakari mō ngā rahi o te rūma hiri, ngā tukanga whakamātautau tohu hihiri 100-hāora, me ngā taputapu.

Mō ngā whare e mahi ana i roto i ngā hau pahū, me tutuki ngā whakaritenga a te ATEX Directive (i Ūropi)

Me pēhea te whakatau i te whakatau whakamutunga

Ngā Whakaaro Matua

• Ngā whakatau me ngā take matua mō te Hiri Ā-ringa Takirua
• Ngā whakaritenga, ngā whakaritenga, me ngā arowhai mōrearea e tika ana kia whakamanahia i mua i tō whakaae
• Ngā mahi whai muri me ngā whakatūpato ka taea e ngā kaipānui te tono tonu

Ngā Pātai Auau

Āhea me whakamahi te hiri ā-ringa takirua?

Whakamahia ina he paitini te rauemi papu, he mura, he whakakoi, he pāmahana teitei, he tūpono rānei ka tioata, ā, ina me whakaiti te turuturu hei tiaki i te haumaru, hei whakatutuki rānei i ngā whakaritenga.

He aha i pai ake ai te hiri ā-ringa takirua i te hiri kotahi i roto i ngā mahi mōrearea?

Ka tāpirihia he atanga hiri tuarua me he wai ārai, he wai ārai rānei, nō reira, ki te pakaru te hiri tuatahi, ka roa te pupuri i te turuturu kia taea ai te tiaki whakahaeretia, te whakaweto rānei.

He aha te rerekētanga i waenga i te wai ārai me te wai ārai?

Ko te wai ārai kāore i te pēhangahia, ā, e tautoko ana i te hiri o waho; ka pēhangahia te wai ārai ki runga ake i te pēhanga o te rūma hiri hei ārai i te wai tukanga kei tae ki te āhuarangi.

Ka taea e Victor Seals te tuku hiri miihini takirua hototahi ki te OEM mō ngā papu ahumahi?

Āe. Ka whakaratohia e Victor Seals ngā otinga hiri whakakapinga me te hototahi ki te OEM mō ngā momo papu maha e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tono matū, moana, hinu me te hau, me te wai.

Me pēhea te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi tiaki papu mā te hiri ā-ringa takirua?

Mā te pupuri i ngā mata o te hiri kia mātao, kia ma, kia pai ake te whakahinuhinu, ka whakaitihia te rere maroke, te pakaru, me te turuturu ohorere, ka āwhina i te roa o te ora o te hiri me te aukati i ngā aukati ohorere.